路透社


纽约 — 分析师表示,创纪录的高温和飓风的双重打击将在未来几周考验美国炼油商的韧性,从而加大旅游旺季期间燃料价格大幅波动的风险。

每年六月至十一月的大西洋飓风季节都是美国炼油厂面临的威胁。美国每天超过 1,800 万桶的炼油能力中有一半位于墨西哥湾沿岸,极易受到热带风暴的影响。美国是世界上最大的燃料市场。

今年炼油厂可能要比往年面临更多风暴。政府预报员预计未来几个月将出现多达七场大型飓风,是每年平均三场大西洋大型飓风的两倍,风速超过每小时 111 英里。

据消息人士透露,Citgo Petroleum Corp 周六削减了其日产 165,000 桶的科珀斯克里斯蒂炼油厂的产量,并计划在 热带风暴 Beryl 经过德克萨斯海岸期间至少保持该设施正常运行。

德克萨斯州最大的港口也关闭了港口运营和船舶交通,为应对飓风“贝里尔”做准备。预计“贝里尔”将增强为飓风,并于周一早晨袭击该地区。

 斯巴达商品公司 (Sparta Commodities) 原油市场分析师尼尔克罗斯比 (Neil Crosby) 表示,贝里尔 (Beryl) 的强度和发生时间预示着未来一个活跃且混乱的飓风季节。贝里尔一度成为 有记录以来最早的五级飓风。

GasBuddy 分析师帕特里克·德哈恩 (Patrick De Haan) 表示:“飓风仍然是影响汽油价格的最大不确定因素。”“这比 Beryl 更能提醒人们这一点,”他说。

德哈恩表示,暴风雨来临前的疏散命令可能会增加库存并增加燃料需求,从而导致汽油、柴油和其他精炼产品的价格上涨。

据美国能源信息署(EIA)称,如果一场大风暴袭击墨西哥湾沿岸的炼油系统,可能会导致每天多达一百万桶的燃料供应中断,并导致长时间停电甚至永久关闭。

袭击墨西哥湾沿岸的飓风也可能造成类似数量的原油供应中断,墨西哥湾近海地区约占美国原油产量的 14%。

2021年,飓风“艾达”过后,美国石油和天然气公司暂停了超过170万桶石油生产。

美国能源信息署称,原油生产和炼油能力每天中断约 150 万桶,可能导致汽油价格上涨 25 美分至 30 美分。

路透社图片
路透社图片

气温回暖

除了飓风之外,炼油厂今年还必须应对更多与 酷热有关的问题。

最新的美国月度气温预测显示,7月份美国大部分地区的气温将高于平均水平,而7月份通常是美国最热的月份。

摩根大通分析师上个月写道,极端气温对石油和燃料等大宗商品供应链产生了巨大影响。

大多数炼油厂的设计运行温度为 32 至 95 华氏度。三位数的温度可能会导致设备故障并降低炼油能力。

摩根大通分析师写道,去年的极端高温导致墨西哥湾沿岸成品油产量减少 50 万桶/日。

今年也感受到了类似的影响。据 Kloza 和其他行业专家称,Phillips 66  (PSX.N) 上个月报告的伊利诺伊州 Wood River 炼油厂设备故障很可能是由热浪引起的。

**一线希望**

今年早些时候的维护季十分强劲,使美国炼油厂得以进行重大升级和详细的维护,而这些升级和维护此前曾因疫情后需求激增和供应中断而被一再推迟。

经纪公司 StoneX 的石油分析师亚历克斯·霍德斯 (Alex Hodes) 表示,从理论上讲,这应该可以让炼油厂更好地应对飓风季节。

近几个月来需求放缓也帮助炼油厂建立了燃料库存,以便在发生停产时起到缓冲作用。

美国汽油库存自4月初以来增加了约400万桶,截至6月28日已接近2.317亿桶,与2020年以外过去五年的季节性平均水平一致。

自 4 月初以来,柴油和取暖油等馏分油库存增加了 370 万桶,截至 6 月 28 日已达到 1.197 亿桶,略低于 2020 年(当时新冠疫情导致的需求下降导致库存急剧增加)以外的历史平均水平。

“容错空间不大,”石油价格信息服务公司能源分析主管汤姆·克洛扎说。“我们正在等着看会发生什么。”

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纽约的 Shariq Khan 和 Nicole Jao 报道;Liz Hampton、David Gregorio 和 Sherry Jacob-Phillips 编辑

主图(来源:路透社)


原文链接/OilandGas360

Reuters


NEW YORK – A double whammy of record heat and hurricanes should test U.S. refiners’ resilience in coming weeks, raising the risk of extremely volatile fuel prices in the middle of the peak travel season, analysts said.

The Atlantic hurricane season from June through November is an annual threat for U.S. refineries. Half of the country’s over 18-million-barrel-per-day refining capacity is located along the Gulf Coast, highly susceptible to tropical storms. The U.S. is the largest fuel market in the world.

Refiners this year may have to brace for more storms than usual. Government forecasters expect up to seven major hurricanes in coming months, double the annual average of three major Atlantic hurricanes with wind speeds over 111 miles per hour.

Citgo Petroleum Corp was cutting output at its 165,000 barrel-per-day Corpus Christi refinery on Saturday and plans to run the facility at minimum during Tropical Storm Beryl’s passage over the Texas Coast, sources said.

The largest ports in Texas also closed operations and vessel traffic in preparation for Beryl, which is expected to strengthen back to a hurricane before hitting the area early on Monday.

The intensity and timing of Beryl, which at one point became the earliest Category 5 hurricane on record, signals an active and disruptive season ahead, said Neil Crosby, crude market analyst at Sparta Commodities.

“Hurricanes remain the biggest wild card for gasoline prices,” said GasBuddy analyst Patrick De Haan. “No better reminder of that than Beryl,” he said.

Evacuation orders ahead of storms can lift stockpiling and boost fuel demand, causing prices for gasoline, diesel and other refined products to move higher, De Haan said.

If a major storm hits the Gulf Coast’s refining system, it could remove as much as a million barrels a day of fuel supply and lead to extended outages or even permanent closures, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Hurricanes heading for the Gulf Coast could also knock out a similar amount of crude supply, with the offshore Gulf of Mexico region housing around 14% of U.S. crude output.

In 2021, U.S. oil and gas companies suspended more than 1.7 million barrels oil output in the aftermath of Hurricane Ida.

Outages of around 1.5 million bpd of crude production and refining capacity can cause gasoline prices to jump by 25 cents to 30 cents, according to EIA.

Reuters Graphics
Reuters Graphics

WARMER TEMPS

In addition to hurricanes, refineries this year must contend with more problems related to scorching heat.

The latest U.S. monthly temperature outlook foresees above average temperatures in large parts of the U.S. in July, typically the hottest month.

Excessive temperatures have supersized effects on commodity supply chains, including oil and fuel, JPMorgan analysts wrote last month.

Most refineries are designed to operate between 32 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Triple-digit temperatures could lead to equipment malfunctions and reduction in refining capacity.

Extreme heat last year led to a 500,000 bpd reduction in Gulf Coast refined products output, the JPM analysts wrote.

Similar effects are being felt this year. Unit upsets reported by Phillips 66 (PSX.N), opens new tab at its Wood River refinery in Illinois last month were likely due to heatwaves, according to Kloza and other industry experts.

SILVER LINING

A robust maintenance season earlier this year allowed U.S. refineries to undertake major upgrades and perform detailed upkeep which had been repeatedly postponed due to surging post-pandemic demand and supply disruptions.

That should, in theory, make refineries better prepared for the hurricane season, said Alex Hodes, oil analyst at brokerage StoneX.

Slow demand in recent months has also helped refineries build fuel stockpiles, which should act as a buffer in case of outages.

U.S. gasoline inventories have risen by about 4 million barrels since the beginning of April to near 231.7 million barrels by June 28, in line with the seasonal average of the past five years excluding 2020.

Inventories of distillates including diesel and heating oil have grown by 3.7 million barrels from the start of April and were at 119.7 million barrels by June 28, slightly below the historical average excluding 2020, when inventories were sharply elevated by COVID-related demand destruction.

“There’s not much margin for error,” said Tom Kloza, head of energy analysis at Oil Price Information Service. “I’m waiting to see what happens.”

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Reporting by Shariq Khan and Nicole Jao in New York; Editing by Liz Hampton, David Gregorio and Sherry Jacob-Phillips

Lead image (Credit: Reuters)