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随着非常规石油和天然气的成熟，人们越来越多地推动优化油井整个生命周期的生产。这种需求导致了行业用于钻井、完井和生产井的工具和分析技术的发展。Revo 测试技术公司一直专注于开发用于短期和长期生产的自动化油井动态分析技术和工具。现有的监测油藏和完井性能的解决方案非常耗时，并且不适合实时操作。

随着勘探与生产公司寻求简化运营，工程团队经常被要求事半功倍。对于许多工程师来说，一天中没有足够的时间对每口井进行速率瞬态分析，以跟踪油藏性能随时间的变化情况。对早期生产数据的分析可能需要两到三个软件包的许可证，并且它们之间的数据处理可能需要几个小时才能识别。在非常规井的关键IP阶段，了解油藏性能的变化对于推动节流计划和人工举升计划至关重要。

定期通过电子邮件或短信向操作员提供手动记录的数据是一种过时的流程，更适合 20 世纪 90 年代的油田。Revo iQ 软件的创建是为了加快每天监测和分析油井数据的耗时过程。Revo iQ 使操作员能够查看来自任何来源的实时回流、试井和生产数据流，包括 Revo 的自动化试井系统、任何第三方现场测量或操作员的 SCADA 系统。  

Revo iQ 现在进一步发展，包括新的 APEX 和 RAPD 速率瞬态分析工具。创建这些工具是为了帮助 Revo 开发用于管理初始回撤的分析方法和工作流程自动化。如果井下压力表数据不可用，Revo iQ 将在数据流输入时自动计算井底压力。然后 RAPD 工具将执行自动分析，实时评估油井性能随时间以及节流器更换的变化情况改变。APEX 同时将确定迄今为止看到的峰值油井性能，并就当前性能与最大值的比较提供指导。通过使用易于理解的可视化分析，操作员可以立即了解如何管理油井以保持裂缝导流能力，同时尽快提高产量。

案例研究：回流期间的自动速率瞬态分析

下图显示了所有相（RAPD 和 APEX）和烃相（RAPD HC 和 APEX HC）的井性能每小时的变化。油井性能的变化由颜色直方图表示，范围从红色（性能下降）到绿色（性能增加）。

在此示例中，Revo 展示了自动速率瞬态分析如何在回流期间提供帮助。下图显示了一口井在首次返排后大约 20 天。8月15日，运营商决定开始加快增加扼流圈以提高产量。

不幸的是，从 Apex 分析中可以看出，在这些更快的节流变化期间，油井的性能下降了。产量在增加，但与节流加速增加之前的更稳定时期相比，代价是压力下降更快。 

案例研究：管理 ESP 以优化油藏性能 

在下一个案例研究中，Revo 显示了 ESP 上一口井的自动速率瞬态分析结果。虽然 RAPD 和 APEX 工具最初是为自然流动井开发的，但 Revo 现在修改了其分析，以适用于 ESP 井。当过渡到 ESP 时，用户面临同样的挑战，即控制水位下降，以免损坏完井或油藏。

随着测试开始时阻风门和 ESP 的增加，所有四个指标都会变为绿色。然而，所有三个相位的测量速率开始下降，导致自动瞬态分析表明与之前的趋势 (RAPD) 和最大性能 (APEX) 相比，性能有所损失。   

在这种情况下，运营商和 Revo 的工程团队能够识别并帮助纠正导致性能明显下降的速率测量问题。随后，Revo 能够进一步开井以实现稳定的产量，并看到所有阶段的性能都恢复到绿色状态。

结论

实时做出如何管理油门、人工升力和水位下降的决策并不一定是一个耗时的过程。通过自动速率瞬态分析，过去需要数小时的工程工作流程现在可以在几秒钟内完成。Revo 提供这些新工具和技术，使运营商能够为每口井量身定制回采策略，以优化产量和欧元。

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As unconventional oil and gas plays mature, there has been an increasing push to optimize production throughout a well’s life cycle.  This need has led to the development of numerous technology advancements in the tools and analysis the industry uses to drill, complete and produce wells. Revo Testing Technologies has been focused on developing automated well performance analysis technology and tools for both short- and long-term production. Existing solutions for monitoring reservoir and completion performance are time-consuming and are not suited for real-time operations.

As E&P firms look to streamline their operations, engineering teams are often asked to do more with less. For many engineers, there is not enough time in the day to perform a rate transient analysis on every well to track how reservoir performance is changing over time. Analysis of early production data may require licenses for two to three software packages with data juggling between them that can take hours to discern. During the critical IP phase of an unconventional well, it is vital to understand changes in reservoir performance to drive both the choke schedule and artificial lift plans.

Manually recorded data that are provided periodically to operators in emails or text messages is an archaic process, better suited to the oil field of the 1990s. The Revo iQ software was created to speed up the time-demanding process of monitoring and analyzing well data throughout each day. Revo iQ gives operators the ability to view a live stream of flowback, well test and production data from any source including Revo’s automated well testing system, any third-party field measurements or the operator's SCADA systems.  

Revo iQ has now advanced even further to include the new APEX and RAPD rate transient analysis tools. These tools were created to help automate the analysis methods and workflow that Revo has developed to manage initial drawdown. If downhole gauge data are not available, Revo iQ will automatically calculate bottomhole pressure as data stream in. The RAPD tool will then perform an automated analysis to provide a real-time evaluation of how well performance is changing over time and from choke change to choke change. APEX will at the same time determine the peak well performance seen thus far and provide guidance on how current performance compares to the maximum. Using easy-to-understand visualizations of this analysis, operators can instantaneously understand how to manage their wells to preserve fracture conductivity while also ramping up production as quickly as possible.

Case study: Automated rate transient analysis during flowback

The plot below shows changing well performance hour by hour for all phases (RAPD and APEX) and hydrocarbon phases (RAPD HC and APEX HC). The changing well performance is represented by a color histogram ranging from red (decreasing performance) to green (increasing performance).

In this example, Revo shows how automated rate transient analysis can assist during flowback. The plot below shows a well approximately 20 days into its initial flowback. On Aug. 15, the operator decided to start increasing chokes faster to increase production.

Unfortunately, as seen from the Apex analysis, the well’s performance decreased during these faster choke changes. Production was increasing, but at a cost of faster pressure drawdown when compared to the more stable period before choke increases were accelerated. 

Case study: Managing an ESP to optimize reservoir performance 

In the next case study, Revo shows the automated rate transient analysis results for a well on ESP. While the RAPD and APEX tools were originally developed for naturally flowing wells, Revo has now modified its analysis to work for wells on ESP.  When transitioning to ESP, users face the same challenge of controlling their drawdown to not damage the completion or reservoir.

All four metrics change to green as the choke and ESP are increased at the start of the test. However, measured rates for all three phases start declining causing the automated transient analysis to indicate a loss in performance compared to the previous trend (RAPD) and to the maximum performance seen (APEX).   

In this case, the operator and Revo’s engineering team were able to identify and help correct rate measurement issues causing the apparent declining performance.  Subsequently, Revo was able to further open the well to achieve stable rates and saw performance for all phases trend back into the green.

Conclusions

Making decisions about how to manage the choke, artificial lift and drawdown in real time doesn’t need to be a time-consuming process. With automated rate transient analysis, engineering workflows that used to take hours can be done in seconds. Revo provides these new tools and technologies to allow operators to tailor a drawdown strategy for every well to optimize production and EUR.