去年油井完整性技术重点的背景是重新利用现有油气井进行碳储存、流动湿材料整合以及相关的完整性风险。通常，石油和天然气生产井在其生命周期即将结束时会被废弃，因为与原始压力相比，储层压力已经耗尽。然而，碳捕集与封存（CCS）项目呈现出不同的运行条件。

首先，加压安全壳场地的预期寿命更长，例如 50 到 100 年。其次，安全壳压力可能高于原始压力。超压限制取决于几个因素，尤其是盖层密封能力。不言而喻，CCS 井内封存需要长期完整性（即在整个项目生命周期内）。众所周知，水泥和套管等屏障会随着时间的推移而老化。与二氧化碳的化学反应或热循环可能会加速屏障的恶化。因此，这些储存地点可能会带来石油和天然气行业从未经历过的独特的生命周期完整性风险。

为了进一步解释这种情况，可能突破限制地层导致压力连通到上覆岩层，这意味着 CO ₂会穿过任何活跃井或关井的恶化的井屏障，导致 CO ₂进入上部地层；地下水污染；或者，在最坏的情况下，出现在表面上。因此，CCS 场地重要的地下方面之一是存在两个密封层（即主密封层和次密封层），两个盖层的密封能力都具有稳健的特征。缺乏双重屏障或这些限制地层的不当表征可能会出现CO ₂流入上覆岩层（即盖层上方）的情况。然后，井的外环可能成为CO ₂进一步向上迁移阻力最小的潜在路径。

这种情况可能违背 CCS 项目的主要目标，并且需要遵循“合理可行的低水平”或 ALARP 原则，并适当关注细节来进行缓解。所讨论的场景是独特且复杂的，需要对 CCS 存储站点进行持续管理和监控。此外，人工智能和自动化在项目运营阶段的作用被认为是必不可少的。

除了此处概述的主要论文选择外，还建议将人工智能和机器学习作为油井完整性管理工具的三篇 SPE 论文作为进一步阅读的备用论文。

本月的技术论文

工程材料、机器学习增强碳储存井的完整性

基于人工智能的油井完整性监测显示出前景

研究揭示了井诊断调查的优化

推荐补充阅读

SPE 212479 使用环形屏障 AI 工具提高油井完整性，作者：Eirik Time、Equinor 等人。

SPE 211537 将生产阶段 WIMS 转变为具有实时自动化工程分析功能的游戏规则改变者智能井完整性监控系统，作者：Mohammed Jasem、ADNOC 等人。

SPE 216600 通过使用自主无线油井干预机器人实现油井完整性管理的范式转变 作者：Julio QM Guedes、Ouronova 等人。

Sandeep Dhawan， SPE，是丹麦 WellPerform 的首席油井工程师。作为一名钻井工程师专家，他领导了英国、丹麦和挪威北海、中东、非洲等地区的高压/高温 (HP/HT)、大位移钻井和深水项目。和南亚。在加入 WellPerform 之前，Dhawan 曾在哥本哈根的马士基集团担任首席钻井工程师和油井设计主题专家。他是壳牌勘探与生产钻井工程手册标准（DEM1）的核心组成员，并为丹麦马士基和德国Wintershall DEA撰写了第一个HP/HT套管设计标准。Dhawan 自 1990 年以来一直是 SPE 的活跃成员，并撰写了多篇 SPE 论文。

The context of last year’s Well Integrity Technology Focus was the repurposing of existing oil and gas wells for carbon storage, flow-wet material conformity, and associated integrity risks. Typically, oil and gas producing wells are abandoned toward the end of their life cycles with reservoir pressures depleted compared with the virgin pressures. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects, however, present different operating conditions.

First, the pressurized containment sites have a higher life expectancy, say, between 50 and 100 years. Second, the containment pressure is possibly higher than the virgin pressure. The overpressure limit is dependent on several factors, especially the caprock sealing capacity. It goes without saying that CCS storage in wells requires long-term integrity (i.e., for the entire project life cycle). It is well-known that barriers such as cement and casings deteriorate over time. Deterioration of barriers may be accelerated by chemical reaction with carbon dioxide or thermal cycling. Hence, these storage sites could present unique life-cycle integrity risks perhaps never experienced by the oil and gas industry.

To further explain the scenario, a possible breach of the confining strata resulting in pressure communication to the overburden means CO₂ finding its way through the deteriorated well barriers of any active or shut-in well, resulting in CO₂ ingress to the upper formations; groundwater contamination; or, in a worst-case scenario, appearance at the surface. Therefore, one of the important subsurface aspects of a CCS site is the presence of two seals (i.e., primary and secondary), with sealing capacity of both caprocks characterized robustly. Lack of double barriers or improper characterization of these confining strata could present a scenario wherein CO₂ flows into overburden (i.e., above the caprock). The wells’ outer annuli then could become a potential path of least resistance for CO₂ to migrate further up.

Such situations can defy the primary objective of CCS projects and can require mitigation with proper attention to detail following the “as low as reasonably practicable,” or ALARP, principle. The scenario discussed is unique and complex and requires continuous managing and monitoring of CCS storage sites. Furthermore, the role of artificial intelligence and automation is seen as imperative during the operational stage of the project.

In addition to the primary paper selections synopsized here, three SPE papers focusing on artificial intelligence and machine learning as tools for well integrity management are recommended as alternates for further reading.

This Month’s Technical Papers

Engineered Materials, Machine Learning Enhance Carbon Storage Well Integrity

AI-Based Well-Integrity Monitoring Shows Promise

Study Sheds Light on Optimization of Well-Diagnostics Investigation

Recommended Additional Reading

SPE 212479 Improve Well Integrity Using an Annular Barrier AI Toolby Eirik Time, Equinor, et al.

SPE 211537 Transforming Production-Phase WIMS to a Game Changer Smart Well Integrity Monitoring System With Real-Time Automated Engineering Analyticsby Mohammed Jasem, ADNOC, et al.

SPE 216600 Paradigm Shift in Well Integrity Management Through the Use of Autonomous Wireless Well Intervention Robots by Julio Q.M. Guedes, Ouronova, et al.

Sandeep Dhawan, SPE, is a principal well engineer at WellPerform in Denmark. A drilling engineer specialist, he has led high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT), extended-reach drilling, and deepwater projects in geographical areas such as the UK, the Danish and Norwegian North Sea, the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. Before joining WellPerform, Dhawan worked as principal drilling engineer and subject-matter expert in well design at Maersk in Copenhagen. He is a core group member of Shell E&P for the Drilling Engineering Manual standard (DEM1) and authored the first HP/HT casing design standard for Maersk in Denmark and Wintershall DEA in Germany. Dhawan has been an active member of SPE since 1990 and has written several SPE papers.