非常规/复杂油藏

案例研究：突破井下限制

套管变形在中国西南页岩地区和中东地区很常见，广泛使用 5.5 英寸、26 磅/英尺和 26.8 磅/英尺套管是常态。在这些地区，大多数压裂塞的外径 (OD) 设计为 4.055 英寸或稍大，这经常遇到限制，导致井下井底组件的损失。压裂塞的设计具有减小的外径，旨在弥合正常外径塞和较小外径塞之间的差距，以实现阶段隔离。

SmartFin（抽气环）。
图 3’smartFin（抽气环）。
”

由于无法成功地将即插即用井底组件 (BHA) 部署到所需深度，导致非常规完井过程中出现大量非生产时间 (NPT)。这些 NPT 实例主要归因于套管变形，而不是插头预设。

为了解决这些井下限制，引入了具有较小外径 (OD) 的压裂塞来进行阶段隔离。塞外径的减小可以最大限度地降低卡在狭小空间中的风险，但也会影响压力额定值。这增加了打滑的风险（滑移损失、锚固）并导致抽气时液体用量增加。

这些挑战不仅会影响生产力，还会增加完成时间和成本。

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Unconventional/complex reservoirs

Case Study: Plug Your Way Through Downhole Restrictions

Casing deformations are common in the south-west shale regions of China and the Middle East, where the widespread use of 5.5-in., 26- and 26.8-lb/ft casing is the norm. In these regions, the majority of frac plugs are designed with an outer diameter (OD) of 4.055 in. or slightly larger, which frequently encounter restrictions resulting in the loss of bottomhole assemblies downhole. Frac plugs were designed with reduced ODs intended to bridge the gap between normal- and smaller-OD plugs for stage isolation.

SmartFin (pumpdown ring).
Fig. 3—SmartFin (pumpdown ring).
 

Unable to successfully deploy plug-and-perf bottomhole assemblies (BHA) to the desired depth has resulted in significant nonproductive time (NPT) in unconventional completions. These instances of NPT are primarily attributed to casing deformation, rather than plug presets.

To address these downhole restrictions, frac plugs with smaller outer diameters (OD) were introduced for stage isolation. This reduction in plug OD minimizes the risk of getting stuck in tight spaces, but it also compromises pressure ratings. This raises the risk of skidding (slip losses, anchoring) and leads to increased fluid usage for pumpdown.

These challenges not only risk well productivity, but also escalate completion time and costs.

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