本周油价受哪些因素影响?(2025年5月12日)

美国官员5月11日表示,已与中国达成协议,以减少美国贸易逆差。虽然所有细节可能尚未确定,但油价将因这项“协议”而再次获得提振。

布伦特原油价格本周收盘报每桶63.88美元,上周收盘价为每桶61.29美元。(来源:Shutterstock)

布伦特原油价格本周收盘报63.88美元,而上周收盘价为61.29美元。西德克萨斯中质原油价格本周收盘报61.06美元,而上周收盘价为58.29美元。迪拜商品交易所阿曼原油价格本周收盘报64.76美元。  

上周,美英达成贸易协议,并暗示未来将达成更多协议,提振油价。上周末,中美两国代表在日内瓦举行会晤,讨论贸易和关税问题。美国官员于5月11日表示,双方已取得实质性进展,并已与中国达成协议,以减少美国对华贸易逆差。截至本文撰写时,细节尚不清楚,但美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特表示将于5月12日发布声明。虽然所有细节可能尚未确定,但鉴于中美两国经济规模和贸易规模,此次“协议”将再次提振油价。 

地缘政治因素也将为油价提供支撑。地缘政治环境持续动荡,俄罗斯与乌克兰的冲突仍未解决,中东紧张局势持续升温,印度与巴基斯坦冲突的不确定性依然存在。此外,欧盟威胁俄罗斯,除非其遵守为期30天的无条件停火协议,否则将对其实施新的制裁。据报道,这些制裁将影响参与俄罗斯石油运输和贸易的人员、实体和船只,其中包括对位于越南、土耳其和塞尔维亚的公司的制裁。 

因此,在接下来的一周内,对供应超过需求的担忧将被搁置。然而,这些担忧仍然存在。在5月3日举行的上一次OPEC+会议上,OPEC+成员国同意在6月份将供应量增加41.1万桶/日,此前5月份的增幅与此类似,是此前预期增幅的三倍。OPEC+还表示,7月份将出现类似的供应增幅,并将持续到8月、9月和10月——除非长期产量过剩的国家(包括哈萨克斯坦、伊拉克和俄罗斯)不仅遵守先前商定的配额,还进一步减少供应以弥补早期的供应过剩。如果OPEC+推进加速计划,220万桶/日的自愿减产将于今年11月完成,而不是去年12月商定的2026年9月。即使关税问题消失,需求也不足以吸收这一水平的额外供应。因此,为了避免油价大幅下跌,必须减少一些供应。

甚至在最近一次油价下跌之前,沙特阿美的财务状况就已经面临压力,第一季度净收入较上年下降近 5%,平均实现油价从 2024 年第一季度的 83 美元跌至 2025 年第一季度的 76.30 美元。为应对净收入的下降,沙特阿美宣布将季度股息削减 100 亿美元。今年 3 月,沙特阿美曾表示 2025 年的股息支出为 854 亿美元。2024 年,沙特阿美的股息为 1243 亿美元。股息削减也影响了沙特阿拉伯的财政状况,预计 2025 年沙特阿拉伯将出现赤字。无论如何,如果 OPEC+ 继续按照预期增产,美国页岩油生产商更有可能减产。

我们的上游团队最近完成了对在主要油田——二叠纪、鹰福特、巴肯和丹佛-朱尔斯堡 (DJ) 运营的美国页岩油生产商的盈亏平衡分析。

盈亏平衡分析按以下几个层级进行:运营盈亏平衡、债务偿还盈亏平衡、维持资本支出盈亏平衡和股息维持盈亏平衡。分析凸显了二叠纪盆地持续的竞争优势。其次低的运营盈亏平衡点为42.90美元/桶,最低的全周期盈亏平衡点为68.17美元/桶。相比之下,巴肯盆地和DJ盆地等成本较高的盆地则呈现出更为脆弱的财务结构。巴肯盆地的资本支出盈亏平衡点为83.88美元/桶,股息盈亏平衡点为92.74美元/桶,这表明大多数运营商目前无法在不依赖债务或高利润资产现金的情况下维持钻井和分销。同样,DJ盆地虽然成本低于巴肯盆地,但仍在努力维持股息维持盈亏平衡点,即80.58美元/桶。这些动态限制了增长和股东回报,并可能导致钻井活动减少、完井延迟,或到 2025 年转向仅高回报区域。

有关原油、成品油及其他能源相关基本面和价格的完整预测,请参阅我们的 短期展望


关于作者:  John E. Paisie , Stratas Advisors总裁 ,负责管理公司全球研究和咨询业务。加入 Stratas Advisors 之前,Paisie 曾担任总部位于华盛顿特区的战略咨询公司 PFC Energy 的合伙人,领导一项全球业务,致力于帮助客户(包括国际石油公司、国家石油公司、独立石油公司和政府)了解未来市场环境和竞争格局,制定合适的战略方向并实施战略举措。他曾在 IBM Consulting(前身为普华永道、普华永道咨询)担任战略变革业务副合伙人八年多,专注于能源领域,期间常驻休斯顿、新加坡、北京和伦敦。 

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What's Affecting Oil Prices This Week? (May 12, 2025)

U.S. officials said on May 11 that a deal had been made to reduce the U.S. trade deficit with China. While all the details may not be established, oil prices will get another boost from this “deal”.

The price of Brent crude ended the week at $63.88 after closing the previous week at $61.29. (Source: Shutterstock)

The price of Brent crude ended the week at $63.88 after closing the previous week at $61.29. The price of WTI ended the week at $61.06 after closing the previous week at $58.29. The price of DME Oman crude ended the week at $64.76.  

Last week, oil prices got a boost from the U.S. and the U.K. agreeing to a trade deal, with hints of more deals on the way. During this past weekend, representatives from China and the U.S. met in Geneva to discuss trade and tariffs. U.S. officials said on May 11 that substantial progress had been made and that a deal had been made with China to reduce the U.S. trade deficit with China. At the time of this writing, few details are known, but the U.S. Treasury Secretary, Scott Bessent, indicated that a statement would be released on May 12. While all the details may not be established, oil prices will get another boost from this “deal”, given the size of the two economies and the extent of the trade between China and the U.S. 

Oil prices will also get some support from geopolitics. The geopolitical environment continues to be wobbly with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine still unresolved, the tensions in the Middle East remaining elevated, and the remaining uncertainty surrounding the conflict between India and Pakistan. Additionally, the EU is threatening Russia with new sanctions unless Russia adheres to an unconditional 30-day ceasefire. It has been reported that the sanctions will affect people, entities, and vessels that are involved in the movement and trading of Russian oil, including sanctions against companies based in Vietnam, Turkey and Serbia. 

So, for another week, concerns about supply outstripping demand will be put aside. The concerns, however, remain valid. At the last OPEC+ meeting that took place on May 3, members of OPEC+ agreed to increase supply by 411,000 bbl/d in June after increasing supply by a similar amount in May, which was three times the amount previously indicated. OPEC+ is also indicating that a similar level of supply increase will take place in July, and will continue in August, September and October – unless the chronic over-producers (including Kazakhstan, Iraq and Russia) not only comply with previously agreed quotas but also reduce supply further to account for early oversupply. If OPEC+ moves forward with an accelerated plan, the unwinding of voluntary cuts of 2.2 MMbbl/d will be completed in November of this year, instead of September 2026, which was agreed to last December. Even if the tariff issue goes away, demand will not be sufficient to soak up this level of additional supply. Therefore, for oil prices not to move significantly downward, some supply will have to be removed.

Even before the latest downturn in oil prices, Saudi Aramco’s finances were under pressure, with net income for 1Q decreasing by nearly 5% from the previous year, with realized oil prices, on average, falling from $83 in 1Q 2024 to $76.30 in 1Q 2025. In response to the falloff in net income, Saudi Aramco announced that its quarterly dividend will be cut by $10 billion. In March, Saudi Aramco had indicated that its dividend payout for 2025 would be $85.4 billion. During 2024, Saudi Aramco’s dividends were $124.3 billion. The reduction in payouts is also affecting the fiscal situation of Saudi Arabia, which is projected to run a deficit in 2025. Regardless, the production cuts are more likely to come from US shale producers if OPEC+ moves forward with the indicated supply increases.

Our upstream team has recently completed a breakeven analysis of US shale oil producers operating in the major oil plays – Permian, Eagle Ford, Bakken and Denver-Julesburg (D-J).

The breakeven analysis was done for the following tiers: operating breakeven, debt service breakeven, sustaining capex breakeven, and dividend sustaining breakeven. The analysis highlights the Permian Basin's sustained competitive advantage. With the next-to-lowest operating breakeven of $42.90/bbl. and the lowest full-cycle breakeven of $68.17/bbl. In contrast, higher-cost basins such as the Bakken and D-J present more fragile financial structures. The Bakken’s capex breakeven of $83.88/bbl. and dividend breakeven of $92.74/bbl indicate that most operators are currently unable to sustain drilling and distributions without relying on debt or cash from higher-margin assets. Similarly, the D-J Basin—while lower cost than the Bakken—still struggles with a dividend-sustaining breakeven of $80.58/bbl. These dynamics limit both growth and shareholder return and will likely lead to reduced rig activity, delayed completions, or a shift toward only high-return zones in 2025.

For a complete forecast of crude oil and refined products and other energy-related fundamentals and prices, please refer to our Short-term Outlook.


About the Author: John E. Paisie, president of Stratas Advisors, is responsible for managing the research and consulting business worldwide. Prior to joining Stratas Advisors, Paisie was a partner with PFC Energy, a strategic consultancy based in Washington, D.C., where he led a global practice focused on helping clients (including IOCs, NOC, independent oil companies and governments) to understand the future market environment and competitive landscape, set an appropriate strategic direction and implement strategic initiatives. He worked more than eight years with IBM Consulting (formerly PriceWaterhouseCoopers, PwC Consulting) as an associate partner in the strategic change practice focused on the energy sector while residing in Houston, Singapore, Beijing and London. 

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